Chickenpox
Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a member of the herpesvirus family. It spreads through direct contact with the fluid from chickenpox blisters or via respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. While chickenpox is commonly associated with childhood, adults who have never been infected or vaccinated are also at risk—and often experience more severe symptoms. Chickenpox is found worldwide and can be transmitted year-round, though it tends to peak during winter and early spring. Although generally considered a mild illness in healthy children, chickenpox can lead to complications such as pneumonia, bacterial infections of the skin, and encephalitis, especially in adults, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems.
Symptoms
Symptoms of chickenpox typically begin 10 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. The illness often starts with a fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, and headache, followed by the hallmark itchy, blister-like rash. This rash usually appears first on the chest, back, and face, then spreads over the entire body, including inside the mouth and eyelids. The blisters eventually scab over, usually within 5 to 10 days. In adults and individuals with weakened immunity, chickenpox symptoms can be more severe and may require medical attention. Once infected, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate later in life as shingles (herpes zoster), a painful rash that may lead to long-term nerve pain.
Vaccination
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent chickenpox and its complications. The chickenpox vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine that offers strong protection against the varicella-zoster virus. It is routinely given to children in many countries, but in the UK, it is typically offered to those who are at higher risk of severe illness, such as healthcare workers, carers, and close contacts of immunocompromised individuals. It is also recommended for non-immune adults and travellers who may be at increased risk. The vaccine is administered in two doses, at least four to eight weeks apart, and is suitable for both children over 12 months and adults who have never had chickenpox or been vaccinated. For individuals planning travel or who may be exposed to the virus, a consultation with a healthcare professional can help determine whether the chickenpox vaccine is appropriate. Vaccination not only protects the individual but also helps reduce community transmission and the risk of severe disease.
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